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Adverse Drug Events/Reactions and Medication Errors

Automated Medication Dispensing

Computerized Physician (Prescriber) Order Entry

Medication Error Prevention

Medication Error Reporting

Medication Error Research



Adverse Drug Events/Reactions and Medication Errors


Bates DW. Drugs and adverse reactions: how worried should we be? JAMA. 1998;279(15):1216-1217.

Bates DW, Spell N, Cullen DJ et al. The costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Adverse Drug Events Prevention Study Group. JAMA. 1997;277(4):307-11.

Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA. 1995;274(1):29-34.

Berwick DM, Leape LL. Reducing errors in medicine: It is time to take this more seriously. BMJ. 1999;319(7203):136-137.

Brennan TA, Leape LL, Laird NM et al. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(6):370-376.

Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Burke JP. Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA. 1997; 277(4):301-306.

Cohen MR, Proulx SM, Crawford SY. Survey of hospital systems and common serious medication errors. J Healthcare Risk Manage. 1998 (Winter);18(1):16-27.

Coleman IC. Medication errors: Picking up the pieces. Drug Top. 1999;1483-92.

Couris RR, Tataronis GR, DePietro SL, DeBellis RA, Young CR for the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Pharmacy. Medication Error Study. Boston, MA: Division of Registration, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1999.

Cullen DJ, Sweitzer BJ, Bates DW, Burdick E, Edmondson A, Leape LL. Preventable adverse drug events in hospitalized patients: a comparative study of intensive care and general care units. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(8):1289-97.

Davis NM. Drug names that look and sound alike. Hosp Pharm. 1999;341160-1174.

Dean BS, Allan EL, Barber ND, Barker KN. Comparison of medication errors in an American and a British hospital. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995;522543-2549.

Gholami K, Shalviri G. Factors associated with preventability, predictability and severity of adverse drug reactions. Ann Pharmocother. 1999;33236-240.

Golz G, Fitchett L. Nurses' perspecitve on a serious adverse drug event. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56):904-907.

Hasegawa GR. Responsibility for medication errors. Am J Heath Syst Pharm. 1999;56(3):215.

Hutchinson D. Getting to the bottom of a sentinel event. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56(30):2031-2032.

Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality and the economic impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997;54(5):554-8.

Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-Related Morbidity and Mortality: A Cost-of-Illness Model. Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155(18):1949-1956.

Kistner UA, Keith MR, Sergeant KA, Hokanson JA. Accuracy of dispensing in a high-volume, hospital-based outpatient pharmacy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994;51(22): 2793-7.

Lambert BL. Predicting look-alike and sound-alike medication errors. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997;54(10):1161-1171.

Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients. JAMA. 1998;279(15):1200-1205.

Leape LL, Bates DW, Cullen DJ et al for the ADE prevention group. Systems analysis of adverse drug events. JAMA. 1995;274(1):35-43.

Lesar TS, Briceland L, Stein DS. Factors related to errors in medication prescribing. JAMA. 1997 ;277(4):312-317.

Lesar TS, Lomaestro BM, Pohl H. Medication-prescribing errors in a teaching hospital. A 9-year experience. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(14):1569-1576.

Manasse HR. Medication Use in an Imperfect World: Drug Misadventuring as an Issue of Public Policy. Part 1. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989;46:929-944.

Manasse HR. Medication Use in an Imperfect World: Drug Misadventuring as an Issue of Public Policy. Part 2. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989;46:1141-1152.

Means BJ, Derewicz HJ, Lamy PP. Medication errors in a multidose and a computer-based unit dose drug distribution system. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1975;32(2):186-91.

Myers CE. Medication misadventures: A policy of openness and learning. Am J Heath-Syst Pharm.; 56(9):863.

Sanks RJ. A pharmacy manager's perspective on a serious adverse drug event. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:907-909.

Schneider PJ. A review of the safety of intravenous drug delivery systems. Hosp Pharm. 1999;34:1044-1056.

Schneider PJ, Gift MG, Lee YP, Rothermich EA, Sill BE. Cost of medication-related problems at a university hospital. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995;52(21):2415-2418.

Sellers JA. Too many medication errors, not enough pharmacists. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2000 15;57:337



Automated Medication Dispensing

Borel JM, Rascati KL. Effect of an automated, nursing unit-based drug-dispensing device on medication errors. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995;52(17):1875-1879.

ISMP. Survey of automated dispensing shows need for practice improvements and safer design systems. ISMP Medication Safety Alert (June 16, 1999 issue), 1-4, 1999.

Neuenschwander M. Limiting or increasing opportunities for errors with dispensing automation. Hosp Pharm. 1996;31:1102-1106.



Computerized Physician (Prescriber) Order Entry

Bates DW, Teich JM, Lee J et al. The impact of computerized physician order entry on medication error prevention. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1999;6:313-21.

Bates DW, Leape LL, Cullen, et al. Effect of computerized physician order entry and a team intervention on prevention of serious medication errors. JAMA. 1998;280(15):1311-1316.

George D, Austin-Bishop N. Error rates for computerized order entry by physicians versus nonphysicians. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003;60(21):2250-2252.

Han YY, Carcillo JA, et al. Unexpected Increased Mortality After Implementation of a Commercially Sold Computerized Physician Order Entry System. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1506-1512.

Schiff GD, Rucker TD. Computerized prescribing: building the electronic infrastructure for better medication usage. JAMA. 1998;279(13):1024-1029.

Upperman JS, Staley P, Friend K, et al. The Impact of Hospitalwide Computerized Physician Order Entry on Medical Errors in a Pediatric Hospital. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2005;40:57-59.



Medication Error Prevention

Bates DW. Using information technology to reduce rates of medication errors in hospitals. BMJ 2000; 320(7237): 788-791.

Blum KV, Abel SR, Urbanski CJ, Pierce JM. Medication error prevention by pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1988;45(9):1902-1903.

Cavuto NJ, Woosley RL, Sale M. Pharmacies and the prevention of fatal drug interactions. JAMA. 1996;275(14):1086-1087.

Cohen MR. Cooperative approaches to medication error management. Top Hosp Pharm Manage. 1991;11(Apr):53-65.

Cohen MR, Anderson RW, Attilio RM et al. Preventing medication errors in cancer chemotherapy. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996;53737-746.

Cohen MR, Senders J, Davis NM. Failure mode and effects analysis: A novel approach to avoiding dangerous medication errors and accidents. Hosp Pharm. 1994; 29(4): 319-330.

Henry TR, Azuma L, Shaban HM. Learning and process improvement after a sentinel event. Hosp Pharm. 1999;34 839-844.

Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Demspey-Clapp M et al. Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 1999;282(3):267-270

Leape LL. Preventing adverse drug events. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995;52(4):379-382.

Manasse HR. Pharmacists and the quality-of-care imperative. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2000;57(12):1170-1172.

Raschke RA, Gollihare B, Wunderlich TA, Guidry JR, Leibowitz AI, Peirce JC et al. A computer alert system to prevent injury from adverse drug events. JAMA. 1998;280(15):1317-1320.

Schneider PJ. Five worthy aims for pharmacy's clinical leadership to pursue in improving medication use. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:2549-2552.

Schneider PJ. Creating an environment for improving the medication-use process. Am J Heath-Syst Pharm. 1999;56(17):1769-1972.

Seeger JD, Kong SX, Schumock GT. characteristics associated with ability to prevent adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1998;18(6):1284-1289.

Tucker LL, Cohen MR, Davis NM. Orientation teaching tool to prevent medication error. Hosp Pharm. 1994;29(11):984,986-988,991.



Medication Error Reporting

Betz RP, Levy HB. An interdisciplinary method of classifying and monitoring medication errors. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1985;42(8):1724-1732.

Cohen MR. Why error reporting systems should be voluntary. BMJ. 2000;320(7237):728-729.

Colodny L, Spillane J. Toward increased reporting of adverse drug reactions. Hosp Pharm. 1999;34:1179-1185.

Dean BS, Barber ND. A validated, reliable method of scoring the severity of medication errors. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999 56(1):57-62.

Dunn EB, Wolfe JJ. Medication error classification and avoidance. Hosp Pharm. 1997;32:860-865.

Maliekal J, Thorton J, . A description of a successful computerized adverse drug reaction tracking program. Hosp Formul. 1990;25(4): 436-9, 442.

Schneider PJ, Hartwig SC. Use of severity-indexed medication error reports to improve quality. Hosp Pharm. 1994;29(3):205-6,208-211.



Medication Error Research

Allan EL, Barker KN. Fundamentals of medication error research. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1990;47:555-571.